рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд╕ाрдордЧ्рд░ीрд╡рд░ рд╡рдЧрд│ा

8th Science Notes, 7. Metals and Nonmetals

8th Science Notes, 7. Metals and Nonmetals


          ━━━━•❀•━━━━

        ✤⊰❉⊱═⊰⊱═⊰❉⊱✤

For joining our science group please touch below's link. 

рдоाрд╣िрддी рд╡िрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдЪी ЁЯО╖

      :-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:

ЁЯЪж Difference between metal and nonmetal.

  • Under ordinary temperature metals stay in solid state. 
  • At ordinary temperature nonmetals occur as solids, liquids and gases.

ЁЯОвMetals have lustre.

Nonmetals do not have lustre,

  • Generally metals are hard.
  • nonmetals are brittle.

ЁЯО│When a metal is pulled through a hole its wire is formed. This property of metal is

called ductility.

Non metals do not show ductility property.

  • After hammering metals a thin sheet forming. This property is called malleability of metals.
  • Non metals are not malleable.

ЁЯПЗMetals are good conductors of heat.

Non metals are bad conductors of heat

  • Metals are good conductors of electricity.
  • Non metals are bad conductors of electricity,

ЁЯПИMetals have high density.

Nonmetals have low densities.

ЁЯО╗Metals are sonorous. They produce sound on striking.

Non metals are non sonorous.

  •  Majority of metals have up to three electrons in their outermost shell.
  • Most of the nonmetals have 4 to 7 electrons in their valence shells.

ЁЯПАMetals have a tendency to lose their valence electrons to form positively charged ions, i.e, cations.

Non metals have a tendency to accept electrons in their valence shell to form negatively charged ions called anions.

  • The metal oxides are basic in nature.
  • The oxides of nonmetals are acidic in nature.

ЁЯПКMost of the metals react with dilute acids to form metal salts while hydrogen gas is released.

Nonmetals do not react with dilute acids.

  • Some metals like sodium and potassium react with cold water, magnesium, iron metal react with steam.
  • Nonmetals do not react with water.


        ━━═◆❃★❂★❃◆═━━


      ЁЯен.  Metalloids 

Metalloids are elements that exhibit intermediate properties between metals and non-metals.

Ex. Arsenic (As), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Antimony (Sb)


        ⋐⋑ЁЯФ╕ ЁЯФ╕⋐⋑


ЁЯМ╝  Some Exception: 

  1. Mercury is in liquid state even at room temperature.
  2. Gallium is in a liquid state at temperatures above its melting point of approximately 29.76 °C
  3. Sodium and potassium are soft and can be easily cut by a knife.
  4. Sodium, potassium and lithium are  having lower density then water. 
  5. The density of lithium is only 0.53 g/cc.
  6. Metals have low melting points and boiling points. Exceptions : Hg, Ga, Na, K.
  7. Diamond and iodine crystals are lustrous.
  8. Diamond an allotrope of carbon is the hardest natural substance.
  9. Graphite an allotrope of carbon is a very good conductor of electricity.
  10. The solid nonmetals carbon and boron melt at high temperature.

┅━═▣◆★✧★◆▣═━┅

 ЁЯСЙ  Noble Metal :

 Some metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) are noble metals.

 Noble Metal  occur in nature in the elemental state.  .

Uses of Noble metals :

1. Gold, silver and platinum are used to prepare ornaments.

2. Silver used in medicines. (It has antibacterial property).

3. Gold and silver also use to make medals.

4. Gold and silver also used to make few electronic devices.

5. Platinum, palladium metals are used as catalyst.

    ❀꧁꧂❀

ЁЯО║  100% pure gold is 24 carat.

        °══✺══°

 ЁЯЫЮ   Corrosion

Gases in the air react with metals in presence of moisture to form metal compounds. The metals get affected by this process and undergo what is called corrosion.

Ex. 

  1. Green coloured copper carbonate has been formed by a reaction of copper with the carbon dioxide and moisture in the air.
  2. A reddish coloured deposit is formed on iron by reaction with oxygen gas.
  3. A blackish coloured deposit is formed on silver by reaction with hydrogen sulphide gas.


ЁЯз┐❄️: ⁣⋱ ⋮ ⋰:❄️ЁЯз┐


✴️. prevention of corrosion

To prevent corrosion of metals, layers of oil, grease, varnish and paint are applied on them. 

Plating with another noncorroding metal is done such as Iron is arrested by zinc plating is called as GALVANIZATION.

By preparing alloy.

╭✺༺☬༒☬༻✺╮


Alloy

Defination: A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a homogeneous mixture metal with nonmetals is called alloy.

Alloys are made by mixing the constituent elements in as per the requirement.

Example. The stainless steel utensils used at home are made of an alloy of iron (Fe) with carbon (C), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). 

The alloy bronze is formed from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn).

Kutubminar in Delhi

There is an iron pillar in the premices of Kutubminar in Delhi, made about 1500 year ago. The pillar is lustrous even after so many years. This is becasuse our ansestors had made it from an alloyIt contains small proportion of carbon (C), silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P) mixed in iron (Fe).

We might have seen the vertical cracks in stainless steel vessels. The reason behind this is a cheap variety of stainless steel is made sometimes by using copper instead of costly nickel

Nonmetal bromine is in liquid state at normal temperature.

꧁●○≛⃝ ≛⃝ ЁЯМН○●꧂


How aluminium ion form.

    Al  -------> Al+++ +    + 3 e-

(2,8,3)           (2,8)

Aluminium    Aluminium ion

████╗

████║

████╝


Chemical reactions.


1. Carbon burn in air.

C + O2  ------> CO2

  Carbon burn in air to form carbon dioxide.

2. Carbon dioxide gas passed through sodium hydroxide.

2NaOH +  CO2 ------> Na2CO3 + H2O

Carbon dioxide gas passed through sodium hydroxide to form sodium carbonate. 

3. Carbon dioxide gas passed through water. 

 H2O + CO2 ------> H2CO3

Carbon dioxide gas passed through water to form carbonic acid.

4. Sulphur dioxide gas passed through water. 

 H2O + SO2 ------> H2SO3

Sulphur dioxide gas passed through water to form sulphurous acid.

5. Sulphur trioxide gas passed through water

 H2O + SO3 ------> H2SO4

Sulphur trioxide gas passed through water to form sulfuric acid.

━━━━•❀•━━━

рдЖрдкрд▓ी рдоाрдгрд╕ं рд╣ेрдЪ рдЖрдкрд▓ं рд╕ोрдиं.

рдЪрд▓ा рд▓ुрдЯुрдпा рдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдЪं рд╕ोрди.

рдЯिрдк्рдкрдг्рдпा

рдпा рдм्рд▓ॉрдЧрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд▓ोрдХрдк्рд░िрдп рдкोрд╕्рдЯ

10 рд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдЖрдЬ ЁЯО╖

 10 рд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдЖрдЬ ЁЯО╖ ®®®ЁЯТа®®® рд╡्рд╣ॉрдЯ्рд╕ ре▓рдк рдЧ्рд░ुрдк рдЖрддा рд╕ाрдоीрд▓ рд╡्рд╣ा   ▬▬▬۩۞۩▬▬▬ рдЗрдпрдд्рддा 10 рд╡ीрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрдЪ्рдпा рдиिрдХाрд▓ाрдЪी (10th examination results)рд╡ाрдЯ рдкाрд╣рдгाрд▒्рдпा рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдЪी рдк्рд░рддीрдХ्рд╖ा рдЕрдЦेрд░ рд╕ंрдкрд▓ी ЁЯСП. 10 рд╡ीрдЪा рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдпेрдд्рдпा рдоंрдЧрд│рд╡ाрд░ी рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬे рджि.13 рдоे рд░ोрдЬी рд╕рдХाрд│ी 11 рд╡ाрдЬрддा рдЬाрд╣ीрд░ рдХेрд▓ा рдЬाрдгाрд░ рдЕрд╕ूрди, рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиा рдСрдирд▓ाрдИрди рдиिрдХाрд▓ рджुрдкाрд░ी 1 рд╡ाрдЬрддा рдкाрд╣рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдХрд░ूрди рджिрд▓ा рдЬाрдгाрд░.ЁЯО║ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдЪे рд╡िрд╖рдпрдиिрд╣ाрдп рдЧुрдг рдпा рдиिрдХाрд▓ाрддूрди рдд्рдпांрдиा рдкाрд╣рддा рдпेрддीрд▓. рд░ाрдЬ्рдпाрддीрд▓ 23,492 рдоाрдз्рдпрдоिрдХ рд╢ाрд│ांрдордзीрд▓ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиी 10 рд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрд╕ाрдаी рдиोंрджрдгी рдХेрд▓ी рд╣ोрддी. рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рдеी 'рдорд╣ा рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рд╕ी рдмोрд░्рдб рдбॉрдЯ рдЗрди' (mahahsscboard.in) рдпा рд╕ंрдХेрддрд╕्рдерд│ाрд╕рд╣ рд╡िрд╡िрдз рд╡ेрдмрд╕ाрдИрдЯрд╡рд░ рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдкाрд╣ू рд╢рдХрддीрд▓.  ®®®ЁЯТа®®® 10 рд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрдЪा рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдкाрд╣рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рд╕ंрдХेрддрд╕्рдерд│.ЁЯСЗ   https://sscresult.mahahsscboard.in   https://results.digilocker.gov.in   https://www.aajtak.in/education/board-exam-resul   http://sscresult.mkcl.org   https://results.targetpublications.org   https://results.navneet.com   http...

рджрд╣ाрд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб (SSC) рд╡ेрд│ाрдкрдд्рд░рдХ 2025

 рджрд╣ाрд╡ी рдмोрд░्рдб (SSC) рд╡ेрд│ाрдкрдд्рд░рдХ 2025 рдк्рд░рдердо рд╕рд░्рд╡ рджрд╣ाрд╡ीрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиा рд╡рд░्рд╖ 2024-25 рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ेрд╕ाрдаी рд╣ाрд░्рджिрдХ рд╢ुрднेрдЪ्рдЫा ЁЯОЖЁЯОЗЁЯО╖. рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрд╕ाрдаी рдЯрд░्рдиिंрдЧ рдкॉрдИंрдЯ рдЕрд╕рдгाрд░े, рдЬ्рдпाрддूрди рдЖрдпुрд╖्рдп рдкुрдвे рдШрдбрдгाрд░ рдЕрд╕рддे рдд्рдпा рдЗрдпрдд्рддा рджрд╣ाрд╡ी рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ांрдЪे рд╡ेрд│ाрдкрдд्рд░рдХ рдЬाрд╣ीрд░ рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рджрд╣ाрд╡ीрдЪ्рдпा рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиा рдЕрдХрд░ाрд╡ी рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢,   рдЖрдпрдЯीрдЖрдп рд╡ рдкॉрд▓िрдЯेрдХ्рдиिрдХ рд╕ाрдаी рдНрдбрдоिрд╢рди рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рд╡ेрд│ेрд╡рд░ рд╕ुрд░ू рд╡्рд╣ाрд╡ी, рдпाрдордзीрд▓ рддाрд│рдоेрд│  рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдмोрд░्рдбाрдиे рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ा рджрд░рд╡рд░्рд╖ीрдкेрдХ्рд╖ा рдЕंрджाрдЬ 15 рджिрд╡рд╕ рдЕрдЧोрджрд░ рдШेрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдард░рд╡рд▓े рдЖрд╣े. рдд्рдпाрдЪрдмрд░ोрдмрд░ рдк्рд░ाрдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖िрдХ рд╡ рддोंрдбी рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ा рдпा рдкрдг рд▓рд╡рдХрд░ рд╣ोрдгाрд░ рдЖрд╣ेрдд рдпाрдЪी рд╕рд░्рд╡ рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиी рдиोंрдж рдШ्рдпाрд╡ी. рдкрд░ीрдХ्рд╖ांрдЪ्рдпा рддाрд░рдЦे рдк्рд░рдоाрдгे рд╡िрд╖рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕рдХ्рд░рдоाрдХрдбे рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рде्рдпांрдиी рд▓рдХ्рд╖ рдж्рдпाрд╡े. ______________________ рд╡िрд╖рдп: рдорд░ाрдаी. 21 рдлेрдм्рд░ुрд╡ाрд░ी 2025 - рд╢ुрдХ्рд░рд╡ाрд░  рд╡ेрд│:- 11.00 am рддे 2.00 pm. ______________________ рд╡िрд╖рдп:- рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрдд 27 рдлेрдм्рд░ुрд╡ाрд░ी 2025 - рдЧुрд░ुрд╡ाрд░ рд╡ेрд│:- 11.00 am рддे 2.00 pm. ______________________ рд╡िрд╖рдп: рдЗंрдЧ्рд░рдЬी 1 рдоाрд░्рдЪ 2025 - рд╢рдиिрд╡ाрд░  рд╡ेрд│:- 11.00 am рддे 2.00 pm. ______________________ рд╡िрд╖рдп: рд╣िंрджी 3 рдоाрд░्рдЪ 2025 - рд╕ो...

11 рд╡ी рдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдп рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдиोंрджрдгी 2025-26 ЁЯО╖

  11 рд╡ी рдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдп рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдиोंрджрдгी 2025-26 ЁЯО╖ ЁЯО╖ 11th Admission Registration  ●~•❅•۞•❅•~● рдЗрдпрдд्рддा рдЕрдХрд░ाрд╡ी рд╕ाрдаी рдХेंрдж्рд░ीрдп рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा  рдНрдбрдоिрд╢рди 19- 05 -2025 рдкाрд╕ूрди рд╕ुрд░ू. рднाрдЧ 1 рдХрд╕ा рднрд░ाрд╡ा   Part 1 Fill Up Guidene рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдордз्рдпे рдпाрд╡рд░्рд╖ी рд╕рди 2025 рдкाрд╕ूрди 11 рд╡ी рдСрдирд▓ाрдИрди рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा.  рдСрдирд▓ाрдИрди рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рд╣ी рд╕ंрдкूрд░्рдг рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдордз्рдпे рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдорд╣ाрд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдордзीрд▓ рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдХॉрд▓ेрдЬрдордз्рдпे рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ोрдгाрд░.   рдпाрд╡рд░्рд╖ी рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпाрд▓ा 11 рд╡ीрд▓ा рдХॉрд▓ेрдЬрдордз्рдпे рдНрдбрдоिрд╢рди рдШ्рдпाрдпрдЪे рдЕрд╕ेрд▓ рддрд░ рдСрдирд▓ाрдИрди рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпेрдж्рд╡ाрд░े рдНрдбрдоिрд╢рди рдШ्рдпाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрдгाрд░ ┈┉┅━ ❍❀ЁЯФШ❀❍ ┈┉┅━.  рд░рдЬिрд╕्рдЯ्рд░ेрд╢рди рдХрд╕े рдХрд░ाрд╡े  11 рд╡ी рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा Website рд╡рд░ рдЬाрдгे✈️  visit 11 th admission website   рдоोрдмाрдИрд▓ ЁЯУ▒ рд╡рд░ूрди рдЬрд░ рд░рдЬिрд╕्рдЯ्рд░ेрд╢рди рдХрд░рдгाрд░ рдЕрд╕ाрд▓ рддрд░.....  рдХ्рд░ोрдо рд╡рд░ рдЬाрдКрди рддीрди рдбॉрдЯ рд╕्рдкрд░्рд╢ рдХрд░ाрд╡ा рд╡ рдбेрд╕्рдХрдЯॉрдк рдиिрд╡рдбाрд╡े. ▬▬▬роЬ۩۞۩роЬ▬▬▬ рд╕्рдЯुрдбंрдЯ рд░рдЬिрд╕्рдЯ्рд░ेрд╢рди рдХрд░рдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рд╕рд░्рд╡рдк्рд░рдердо рдЦाрд▓ीрд▓ рд▓िंрдХ рд╡рд░ рд╕्рдкрд░्рд╢ рдХрд░ा. https://mahafyjcadmissions.in/ {[( рдЯिрдк :- рдоाрдЧीрд▓ рд╡рд░्рд╖ीрдкрд░्рдпंрдд рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд░्рдеी https://11thadmission.org.in/ рдпा рд╡ेрдмрд╕ाрдИрдЯ рд╡рд░ рд░рдЬिрд╕्рдЯ्рд░ेрд╢рди рдХрд░рдд рд╣ोрддे. рдЖрддा рд╡...