8th, Sci, Notes 2. Health and Diseases. Part 1.

8th, Sci, Notes 8th, Sci, 2. Health and diseases. Part 1.

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 ✍🏻.. विज्ञान विषयाच्या माहितीसाठी खालील लिंकला🖇️ स्पर्श करा.🎸

              👉 माहिती विज्ञानाची 🎷

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🎺Definitions.

1. Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease.
2. Disease: A condition of disturbances in physiological or psychological processes of the body. Each disease presents specific symptoms.

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✋ Classification of Diseases

⏰By Duration:

• Chronic Diseases: Long-lasting conditions.
• Acute Diseases: Short-duration conditions.

By Reason/Cause:

1. Hereditary Diseases: Passed genetically (e.g., Down's syndrome).
2. Acquired Diseases: Developed during a lifetime.
3. Infectious Diseases: Transmitted via contaminated air, water, food, or vectors (e.g., common cold, flu, dengue).
4. Non-Infectious Diseases: Not transmitted from person to person (e.g., Diabetes, heart disease).

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👉 Infectious Diseases.

1. Disease: Tuberculosis

Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculae

Mode of Transmission: Air transmission, spitting, prolonged contact/sharing of items. 

Symptoms: Chronic cough, bloody spitting, emaciation, and breathing difficulty.

Prevention & Treatment: BCG vaccine, isolation, DOT therapy.

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2. Disease: Hepatitis (Jaundice)

Pathogen: Hepatitis virus (A, B, C, D, E)

Mode of Transmission: Contaminated water, shared needles, blood transfusion

Symptoms: Anorexia, yellow urine, weakness, nausea, grey stool

Prevention & Treatment: Drinking boiled water and proper hand hygiene.

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3. Disease: Dysentery

Pathogen : Bacteria, viruses, Shigella, bacilli, Entamoeba histolytica

Mode of Transmission: Contaminated food and water

Symptoms: Watery stool, abdominal pain

Prevention & Treatment: Boiled water, proper food storage, ORS consumption

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4. Disease: Cholera

Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae (bacterium)

Mode of Transmission: Contaminated food and water.

Symptoms: Vomiting, severe diarrhea, leg cramps

Prevention & Treatment: Hygienic practices, avoiding uncovered food, vaccination

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5. Disease: Typhoid

Pathogen: Salmonella typhi (bacterium)

Mode of Transmission: Contaminated food and water

Symptoms: Rash on abdomen, dysentery, fever up to 104°F.

Prevention & Treatment: Clean drinking water, vaccination, and proper sewage disposal.

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👊Specific Notable Diseases / Some Important Diseases of the Present Day. 

🦟Dengue

Vector: Spread by Aedes aegypti mosquito; 

Cause: Caused by DEN-1-4 virus (flavivirus).

Symptoms: 

• Acute fever, severe headache, 
• vomiting, pain behind the eye socket, and 
• reduced platelet count leading to internal hemorrhage.

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🐖Swine Flu

Cause: Influenza A H-1\ N_1) virus; 

spreads via pigs and humans through respiratory secretions.

Symptoms: 

• Difficulty in breathing, 
• sore throat, and body pain.

Diagnosis: Testing throat secretions; key diagnostic centers include NIV (Pune) and NICD (Delhi).

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🙊AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)

Cause: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Key Fact: Weakens natural immunity; confirmed specifically using the ELISA laboratory test.

Transmission: Primarily through unsafe sexual contact. Does not spread by casual touching, sharing food, or nursing a patient.

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🐶🐈🐒Rabies

Transmission: Viral infection from the bite of an infected animal (dog 🐶, rabbit🐇, monkey 🐵, or cat 😺).

Symptoms: 

• Fever (2–12 weeks), 
• exaggerated behavior, and 
• Hydrophobia (extreme fear of water).

Prevention: Fatal once symptoms appear (within 90–175 days), but preventable via timely vaccination.

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🚕 Vectors & Mosquito Breeding

Anopheles (female): Spreads Malaria; breeds in clean water.

Aedes: Spreads Dengue; breeds in clean, stagnant water.

Culex (female): Spreads Elephantiasis; breeds in dirty/sewage water.

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